Re: Why did we get different races under Christianity.
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I wouldn't judge a hypothetical judgement. It wouldn't be unfair for colour to have come through hereditary sunburn.
I think OPs second question is much more useful.
I'm certainly no expert, but I'm going to guess that reproductive selection led to paler skin in geographical areas where it didn't impede life expectancy.
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The body produces vitamin E from sunlight. The stronger the sunlight the more melanin you need to protect yourself from the suns damage. It a balance between these two interests that most likely caused skin color change, which also explains the geographic differences, i.e. closer to the equater darker the skin.
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